The exploration of what cities could look, feel, smell and sound like in the near and distant future. What products, services and experiences will be available to (various subsets of) inhabitants and interlopers.

How we learn from and adjust to environmental shocks and stresses, avoiding harm from future risk and taking advantage of emergent opportunities. Climate adaptation strategy is often considered in tandem with climate mitigation (i.e. reduction of GHGs).

The capacity for a community to anticipate, withstand and recover from adversities (e.g. economic crisis, political unrest, environmental disaster, epidemic etc.), including the possibility of multiple overlapping adversities occurring at once.

The process by which an organization undergoes institutional change. Typically championed by an organization’s leadership, this transformation involves the articulation and realization of a different–ideally evolved–culture of values, goals and procedures.